1. For loop

numbers = [10,20,30,40]

for num in numbers:
  print(num)
  

## 10
## 20
## 30
## 40

for num in range(10,41,10):
  print(num)

## 10
## 20
## 30
## 40

2. While loop

number = 0

while number < 10:
  number += 1
  if number == 5:
    break
  print(number)

## 1
## 2
## 3
## 4

num =  0
while num < 10:
  num += 1
  if num == 5:
    continue
  print(num)

## 1
## 2
## 3
## 4
## 6
## 7
## 8
## 9
## 10

1) NUMERICAL DATA TYPES

The types you probably already know from mathematics are numerical data types. There are different kinds of numbers that can be used for mathematical operations.

As you can see, it’s quite simple. An integer is just a regular whole number, which we can do basic calculations with. A float extends the integer and allows decimal places because it is a floating point number. And a complex number is what just a number that has a real and an imaginary component. If you don’t understand complex numbers mathematically, forget about them. You don’t need them for your programming right now.

2) STRINGS

A string defines characters sequences. Strings always need to be surrounded by quotation marks. Otherwise the interpreter will not realize that they are meant to be treated like text. The keyword for String in Python is str. A string is a derived data type. Strings are immutable. This means that once defined, they cannot be changed. Many Python methods, such as replace() , join() , or split() modify strings

name = "Welcome"

for ch in name:
  print(ch, '-', end = ' ')
  

## W - e - l - c - o - m - e -

name = "Reverse me"

print(name[::-1])

## em esreveR

lgth = len(name)

for a in range(-1, (-lgth-1), -1):
  print(name[a], end = ' ')

## e m   e s r e v e R

## Split the string into a list of characters, reverse the list, then rejoin into a single string

print(''.join(reversed("Hello world")))

## dlrow olleH

name1 = "There are so many stars in the sky"

n1 = str.split(name1," ")

print(' '.join([y[::-1] for y in n1]))

## erehT era os ynam srats ni eht yks

custom_string = "String formatting"

print(f"{custom_string} is a useful technique")

## String formatting is a useful technique

print ("Name:  %s College Id No: %d Branch: %s Percentile: %f" % ('Vikas', 38, 'CSE',88.9)) 

## Name:  Vikas College Id No: 38 Branch: CSE Percentile: 88.900000

# length of the text string
var3 = 'There are so many stars in the sky'

print(len(var3))

## 34

a, b, c = 1, 2, "Computer Vision"

print(a,b,c)

#try for more than 3 variables

## 1 2 Computer Vision

value1 =90 ; value2 =34

print(value1,'-----',value2)

## 90 ----- 34

value1,value2 = value2,value1

print(value1,'-----',value2)

## 34 ----- 90

3) Booleans

Boolean are the most simple data type in Python. They can only have one of two values, namely True or False . It’s a binary data type. We will use it a lot when we get to conditions and loops. The keyword here is bool.

#Boolean variables

var = not True
var1 = True
var2 = False
print("Values of var, var1 and var2 are " + str(var) + "  " +str(var1) + " and " + str(var2))

## Values of var, var1 and var2 are False  True and False

4) Sequences

4.1) Sequences - Lists

List. Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable. Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data, the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.

numbers = [10, 20, 30 ,40]

names = ['Arun','Varun','Karun']

mixed = [10,'Arun', 28.3,True ]

print(numbers[3])

## 40

print(names[0])

## Arun

print(mixed[3])

## True

numbers[3] = 3

names[2] = 'Bob'

print(numbers[3])

## 3

print(names[2])

## Bob

# empty list
# indexing start with 0
my_list = []
print(my_list)
# list of integers

## []

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
print(my_list)
# list with mixed datatypes

## [1, 2, 3]

my_list = [1, 'Data Science', 2.5]
print(my_list)

## [1, 'Data Science', 2.5]

list1 = [ 'ABC', 1234 , 2.34, 'def', 71.2 ]
tinylist = [123, 'john']
list2= list1 +tinylist

# Check the output of each print statement
print (list1)          

## ['ABC', 1234, 2.34, 'def', 71.2]

print (list1[-2])     

## def

print (list1[0:3])     

## ['ABC', 1234, 2.34]

print (list1[2:])      

## [2.34, 'def', 71.2]

print (tinylist * 2)  

## [123, 'john', 123, 'john']

print (list1 + tinylist)

## ['ABC', 1234, 2.34, 'def', 71.2, 123, 'john']

print (list2)

## ['ABC', 1234, 2.34, 'def', 71.2, 123, 'john']

Delete an element from list

list1 = ['Data', 'Science STTP', 11, 15]

print (list1)

## ['Data', 'Science STTP', 11, 15]

del list1[2]

print ("After deleting value at index 2 : ", list1)

## After deleting value at index 2 :  ['Data', 'Science STTP', 15]

Merging two lists

a1 = [1,2,3,4,5,9]
a2 = [2,4,512,1,3]
a3 = ['Sawan', 'Gyan', 'Puneet']
print(a1+a2+a3)

## [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 2, 4, 512, 1, 3, 'Sawan', 'Gyan', 'Puneet']

4.1.1) Sequences - Lists - Operations

4.1.2) Sequences - Lists - Functions

4.1.3) Sequences - Lists - methods

Removing duplicates from list

def remove_duplicates():
  li = [3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1]
  li1 = list(set(li)) #=> [1, 2, 3]
  print(li1)  
  

remove_duplicates()  

## [1, 2, 3]

4.2) Sequences - Tupples

tpl = (10,20,30)
len(tpl)

## 3

max(tpl)

## 30

min(tpl)

## 10

tuple1 = ('ICICI','Branch', 'Malwa')

print(tuple1)

## ('ICICI', 'Branch', 'Malwa')

tuple1[2]

## 'Malwa'

4.3) Sequences - Dictionaries

A dictionary is indexed by keys, Unlike a sequence, which is indexed by a range of numbers. A Key can be any immutable type, strings and numbers can always be keys.

A dictionary can be considered as an unordered set of key: value pairs, with the requirement that the keys are unique (within one dictionary). Each key is separated from its value by a colon (:), the items are separated by commas, and the entire unordered ke:value pair in enclosed within curly braces.

A dictionary can be initialized to be an empty dictionary by using a pair of braces : {}. Placing a comma-separated list of key:value pairs within the braces adds initial key:value pairs to the dictionary; this is also the way dictionaries are written on output.

Tuples can be used as keys if they contain only strings, numbers, or tuples; if a tuple contains any mutable object either directly or indirectly, it cannot be used as a key. You can’t use lists as keys, since lists can be modified in place using index assignments, slice assignments, or methods like append() and extend().

The main operations on a dictionary are storing a value with some key and extracting the value given the key.

To delete a key:value pair you can use ‘del’. If you store a value using a key that is already in use, then the old value associated with that key is overwritten.

Use list(d.keys()) to obtain a list of all the keys used in the dictionary, in arbitrary order.

Use sorted(d.keys()) if you wanted it to be in a sorted order.

To check whether a single key is in the dictionary, use the in keyword.

dic = dict({'Name':'Arun', 'Age': 50})
print(dic['Name'])

## Arun

`4.4) Numpy arrays

NumPy is a general-purpose fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features including these important ones:

A powerful N-dimensional array object

Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions

Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code

Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities

Besides its obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional container of generic data. This allows NumPy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

import numpy as np
# use [ ] for every row inside np.array([]) for matrix

b1 = np.array([1,2,3,5,5])    #Declaring a NumPy Array 
b2 = np.array([4,5,6,7,7])

print(b1+b2)

## [ 5  7  9 12 12]

print(b2 * 3)

## [12 15 18 21 21]

print("No. of dimensions: ", b1.ndim)  # Rows in array, considered as a matrix. 
# Printing shape of array

## No. of dimensions:  1

print("Shape of array: ", b1.shape)  # Dimension 
 
# Printing size (total number of elements) of array

## Shape of array:  (5,)

print("Size of array: ", b1.size) # elements in a row or column elements. 
 
# Printing the datatype of elements in array

## Size of array:  5

print("Array stores elements of type: ", b1.dtype)

## Array stores elements of type:  int32

Array creation: You can create arrays in NumPy in various ways.

For example, you can create an array from a regular Python list or tuple using the array function.

The type of the resulting array is deduced from the type of the elements in the sequences.

Often, we need to declare arrays whose sizes are known but elements are initially unknown. Hence, NumPy offers many functions to create arrays with initial placeholder content. This minimizes the necessity of growing arrays, which is generally an expensive operation.

Examples: np.zeros, np.ones, np.full, np.empty, etc. To create sequences of numbers, NumPy provides a function analogous to range that returns arrays instead of lists.

arange: returns evenly spaced values within a given interval. In this, step size is specified.

linspace: returns evenly spaced values within a given interval. Number of elements are returned.

Reshaping array: The reshape method is used to reshape an array. If you have an array (a1, a2, a3, …, aN) and you want to reshape and convert it into another array of shape (b1, b2, b3, …, bM), you can do it easily using the reshape method. But the only precondition is that a1 x a2 x a3 … x aN = b1 x b2 x b3 … x bM . (i.e. , the total number of elements in the array should be the same, or the original size of array should remain unchanged.)

Flatten array: The flatten method is used to convert an array into one dimension. It accepts order argument. Default value is ‘C’ (for row-major order), and you can use ‘F’ to use the flatten method for column major order.

Let us see some examples.

# array creation 
import numpy as np
 
# Creating array from a list with type float
A = np.array([[1, 2, 4], [5, 8, 7]], dtype = 'float')

# Create a 3X4 array with all zeros. Please note, we have used double paranthesis. 
B = np.zeros((3, 4))

# Create an array of complex numbers 
C = np.full((3, 3), 6, dtype = 'complex')

# Create an array with random values

np.random.seed(2) # A seed is set to ensure that the results are consistent if you use this array in future computations also.

D = np.random.randn(2, 2)

E = np.random.random((2, 2))  # Exercise : Find out the difference between D and E 


print ("Array created using passed list:\n", A)

## Array created using passed list:
##  [[1. 2. 4.]
##  [5. 8. 7.]]

print ("\nAn array initialized with all zeros:\n", B)

## 
## An array initialized with all zeros:
##  [[0. 0. 0. 0.]
##  [0. 0. 0. 0.]
##  [0. 0. 0. 0.]]

print ("\nAn array initialized with all 6s."
            "Array type is complex:\n", C)

## 
## An array initialized with all 6s.Array type is complex:
##  [[6.+0.j 6.+0.j 6.+0.j]
##  [6.+0.j 6.+0.j 6.+0.j]
##  [6.+0.j 6.+0.j 6.+0.j]]

print ("\nA random array:\n", D)

## 
## A random array:
##  [[-0.41675785 -0.05626683]
##  [-2.1361961   1.64027081]]

print ("\nAnother random array:\n", E)

## 
## Another random array:
##  [[0.4203678  0.33033482]
##  [0.20464863 0.61927097]]

Array Reshaping

A = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
                [5, 6, 7, 8],
                [9, 1, 2, 3]])
 
new_A = A.reshape(3, 2, 2) # (number of matrices, rows, column)

# Flatten array
B = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
flat_B= B.flatten()
#B.flatten('F')
 
print ("\nOriginal array:\n", A)

## 
## Original array:
##  [[1 2 3 4]
##  [5 6 7 8]
##  [9 1 2 3]]

print ("Reshaped array:\n", new_A)

## Reshaped array:
##  [[[1 2]
##   [3 4]]
## 
##  [[5 6]
##   [7 8]]
## 
##  [[9 1]
##   [2 3]]]

print ("\nOriginal array:\n", B)

## 
## Original array:
##  [[1 2 3]
##  [4 5 6]]

print ("Fattened array:\n", flat_B)
#print ("Column Fattened array:\n", column_flat_B)

## Fattened array:
##  [1 2 3 4 5 6]

import numpy as np

# Create a sequence of integers 
# from 0 to 40 with steps of 5
a = np.arange(0, 40, 5)  # use if you know sequence range and increment, it excludes last value

# Create a sequence of 15 values in range 0 to 5
b = np.linspace(0, 10, 5)  # use if you know sequence range and number of samples, it includes last value


print ("\nA sequential array with steps of 5:\n", a)

## 
## A sequential array with steps of 5:
##  [ 0  5 10 15 20 25 30 35]

print ("\nA sequential array with 15 values between"
                                        "0 and 5:\n", b)

## 
## A sequential array with 15 values between0 and 5:
##  [ 0.   2.5  5.   7.5 10. ]

# simple plotting
# Here, we are demonstrating the growth in GDP of China and America over a peroid of time


from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

years = [1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010]
America_gdp = [300.2, 543.3, 1075.9, 2862.5, 5979.6, 10289.7, 14958.3]
China_gdp = [30.2, 240.3, 675.9, 1262.5, 3579.6, 7089.7, 10958.3]

plt.plot(years, America_gdp, color='blue', marker='*', linestyle='solid')

plt.plot(years, China_gdp, color='red', marker='o', linestyle='solid')

plt.show()